| Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics |
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| "Populations, metapopulations, and species populations: What are they and who should care? The ants protect the leafhoppers from predators and in return the leafhoppers feeding on plants exude honeydew from their anus that provides energy and nutrients to tending ants | Butti and Perlin 1981, p |
Hosted by Estrella Mountain Community College, Avondale, Arizona• "Reefs as Cradles of Evolution and Sources of Biodiversity in the Phanerozoic".
25| Metapopulation A set of spatially disjunct populations, among which there is some immigration | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |
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| EAWAG The Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology | "Removal of organics and nutrients from tannery effluent by advanced integrated Wastewater Pond Systems technology" |
| Chameleons change their skin color to match their background as a behavioral defense mechanism and also use color to communicate with other members of their species, such as dominant left versus submissive right patterns shown in the three species A-C above | Deme A group of individuals more genetically similar to each other than to other individuals, usually with some degree of spatial isolation as well |
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| They form one category of the multitudinous physical systems of the universe, which range from the universe as a whole down to the atom | "Solar-powered aeration and disinfection, anaerobic co-digestion, biological CO 2 scrubbing and biofuel production: the energy and carbon management opportunities of waste stabilisation ponds" |