| They were conscious of a crisis in the spice trade, which was of no use for the classical world till the advent of the Portuguese in the early 16th century | Margariti, Roxani Eleni, Aden and the Indian Ocean Trade: 150 Years in the Life of a Medieval Arab Port, University of North Carolina Press, North Carolina, 2007 |
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| However, the documents show some limitations, since they mention Jewish merchants only | , Letters of Medieval Jewish Traders, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1974 |
30 Coulon, Barcelone et le grand commerce, p.
28| Our approach is based on tracking the Islamic Western merchants North Africa and Muslim Spain presence in the Eastern trade from Alexandria to China during the late Middle Age | Margariti, Aden and the Indian Ocean Trade, p |
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| 34 De Gama, Voyage de Vasco de Gama, p | , Trade and Institutions in the Medieval Mediterranean: The Geniza Merchants and Their Business World, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012 |
, India Traders of the Middles Ages: Documents from the Cairo Geniza, Brill, Leyde, 2008.