| Most scholars required crucifixion for highway robbery combined with murder, while others allowed execution by other methods | Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-First Century |
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| Another related crime is , which is "spreading corruption on the earth", which can be applied for political crimes such as treason | 296 Further reading [ ]• Try or get the SensagentBox With a , visitors to your site can access reliable information on over 5 million pages provided by Sensagent |
In other words, very similar to how it is treated in contemporary Western law.
| hirabah is frequently used in classical and modern books of Islamic jurisprudence | g: taking up arms for terrorism and disruption of public safety article 183 , membership in groups conducting armed uprising article 186 , supporting groups planning to overthrow the government by force using weapons and explosives article 187 , accepting critical posts a Coup d'etat government |
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| Exposure of the culprit's body after execution by another method, ascribed to "most scholars" and in particular to and ; or Hanbalis and Shafi'is | " Ayatollah has reportedly sought to "rally clerics to oppose the use of moharebeh charges against political protesters |
This was the only capital penalty permitted rulers by the in the case of murder the killer's fate was in the hands of the victim's next of kin not the judge during the early years of Islam "when enemies of the faith and political rebels often looked frighteningly similar" the crime had broader application including but was "gradually narrowed" to apply only to "highway robbery in the open county.
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